CONSTRUCTION OF KEROSENE COOKING STOVE
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of the construction is aimed at producing heat energy for commercial use by turning liquid fuel(kerosene).the construction was successful by appropriate selection of engineering material favourably mild steel(blacksheet) and steel iron for special p2rts.
The technological properties passed by the chosen mild steel are; machinability ,weldability,durability,andformability.mech2nude properties includem2llebillity,duetility,st2tic strength and high tensile strength .
The sequence of operation followed by the construction are; Literature review, material selection-fabrication evaluation and possible redesign and modification. The fabrication processes of the metallic material includes the making out, cutting bending hammering, joining, welding, grazing, smothering and finally printing.
A consideration of the operational environment which the store will function was taken into account and a material selection which has the ability of being prevented by coating from corrosion –mild steel was chosen.
After the construction, the operational efficiency was tested and is 92% effective that is, produces bluish flame which indicates that the aim of the construction was achieved.
The costing, which is the overriding factors, was tabulated headed under material costing labour costing and overhead costing.
Mode of operation of the store and the precautionary measure was also included in order to give the store a maximum service life.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Letter Oftransmittal
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknolegement
Abstract
Table Of Contents
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
Chapter Two
2.1 literature Review
2.11a Review Of Kerosine
2.12 A Review Of Kerosine Explosion
2.13 Burning Velocity Measurement
2.14 A Brief Literature Review On Fossil Fuel
(A) Fossil Fuels
(B) Characterisation Of Fossil Fuel
(C) Combustion Of Fossil Fuels
(D) Combustion Of Liquid Fuels (Kerosine)
(E) Combustion Stoichimetry
(F) Theortical Air And Carbondioxide For Combustion Of Industrial Fuels.
2.15 heat( Fire) Process Equipment
(A) Direct Fired Process Equipment
(B) Inderect Fired (Heat) Process
2.16 A Review- Literature On Constructional Engineering Materials
(A) Iron And Steel
(B) Steel
(C) Classification Of Steel
(D) Hardenability And The Influence Of Alloying Elements In Steel.
(E) Critical Yemperatures In Plain Carbon Steel
(F) Tool Sheel
(G) Maraging Steel
(H) High Alloy Corrosion Scale Steel
2.17 Mechanism Of Stove Operation
2.18 Properties Of Materials For Contruction Of Kerosene Stove
Chapter Three
3.1 Constructional Process And Care Of The Stove.
3.2 Contructional Procedures
3.3 Details Of The Contruction – Components
3.3.1 Fabrication Of The Burner
3.3.2 Steps Of Fabricating Stove Jack
3.3.3 Steps For Fabricating The Stove Casine
3.3.4 Construction Of The Body
3.3.5 Painting.
Chapter Four
4.0 Costing
4.1 Material Cost
4.2 Labour Cost
Chapter Five
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
Chapter One of Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove Project Material starts from here.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1.1 A REVIEW ON KEROSENE
Kerosene, known also as lamp oil, is recovered from crude oil by distillation. It is a liquid fuel whose component are mainly paraffin and a nepthenic hydrocarbon in the C10 +- C14 range. Kerosene has a specific gravity of about 0.8 and boils in the approximate range of 350 – 5500F. Determination by the Abel tester, the flesh point is not below 73oF but usually a higher flesh point is specified. Down to a temperature of 250f kerosene remains in the liquid phase.
Kerosene is characterized by its chemical stability, high rate of combustion and low carbon deposit formation. Its specifications are established for specific grades of kerosene by government agencies and by refiners. In order to provide for kerosene, the above characteristics, specifications developed from performance observations are strictly adhered to in other to ensure satisfactory operations.
Kerosene can be used as a lamp oil (fuel) or tract or fuel. For use in lamps, for example, a highly paraffinic oil is desired because aromatic and nepthenes give a smoky flame; and for satisfactory wick feeding, a viscosity no greater than 2 centiposes is required in the application, the non-volatile components must be kept low. In order to avoid atmospheric pollution, sulphur content must be low; a minimum flash point of 100of is desired to reduce explosion hazard.
The petroleum fraction, kerosene is used as a fuel for heating and cooking, jet engines, lamps and weed burning, and as a base for insecticides. In many developing countries, the use of kerosene for domestic application (cooking) is next to firewood.
1.2 AREVIEW OF KEROSENE EXPLOSION
Huge amount of money is being spent yearly by the government to victims of kerosene explosion. Recently, (#15m) was raised to assist victims in Edo and Lagos States.
It is caused by using containers earlier used by diesel and petrol for kerosene conveying. One can sense a kerosene type liable to explode if after striking a matches to it in an opened container produces a normal flame.
A suitable precautionary measure to preventing the disastrous explosion is by avoid pouring or putting kerosene into lantern while there is fire in them. The stove should be allowed to cool first before putting kerosene into it.
The kerosene level should be frequently checked with the gauge. Kerosene should be bought from a recognized marketers and filling stations.
1.3 BURNING VELOSITY MEASUREMENT.
Experimental determination of the speed with which the region of combustion reaction moves in a flammable mixture. Liberation of chemical energy by combustion is an everyday occurrence of great importance in the production of heat and power.
To understood this process, a knowledge is necessary of the rate at which a flame advances into and consumes the combustible mixture. This flame speed is affected by many factors, such as fuel type, air – fuel ratio, temperature, pressure and flow condition.
Because flame speed is also affected by the apparatus used for measurement, it desirable to define a particular flame speed which is characteristic of the combustible mixture but which is dependent of the surroundings. Such a flame speed is designated as the burning velocity; it is defined as the normal velocity of the reaction zone relative to non-turbulent unburned gas.
Burning velocity is characteristic of the unburned mixture that depends only on the composition, temperature, and pressure of the mixture. Burning velocity can be expressed as the volume rate of mixture transformation per unit area of flame.
Experiment difficulties in measuring burning velocity arise because of the effect the burning process has on the unburned gases. The increase in temperature across a flame results in a change in density and velocity of the products which may cause motion in the unburned gas.
IDEALISED AND ACTUAL FLAMES
Experimental measurements of burning velocities, have been made on both stationary and on moving flames. Bunsen burners furnish a familiar example of stationary flame. If the inner cone of the benson flame where a geometric cone whose base coincided with the port, the burning velocity Su will be simply the volume of the unburned gas entering per unit time per unit area of flame cone, as shown by the following expression expressed in terms of the port radius r, cone height h, angle x which one side of the cone makes with its axis, and average gas velocity Uu.
Hence, Su = area of port X average gas velocity
area of flame cone
Burning velocity is given as;
Su = rUu = Uusin
r2 th 2
In this idealized flame, all unburned gas must have the same velocity; all of it must flow parallel to the axis of the burner; theses must be no heating of the unburned gases; and the reaction zone must be infinitely thin.
THE GEOMETRY OF THE BUNSEN FLAME IS GIVEN BELOW:
Burned gas
Uu
Unburned gas
Most burning velocity measurements have made in Bunsen burner with cylindrical tubes 2nd the affluent gases in laminar flow. Various corrections have been applied to compensate for the parabolic gas flow, the distortion at the tip, and the effect of the burner rim which acts as a heat sink.
However, flame speed obtained by measuring the cone with the schliexen technique probably approximate the burning velocity more accurately than other interpretations of Bunsen flames.
A BREIF LITERATURE REVIEW ON FOSSIL FUELS
FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels are remnants of plants and animals which died millions of years ago – whose decomposition results in the formation of biomass which undergoes varying geological transformations and finally develops into various mineral fuels.
Fossil fuel are, in other words, fuels that are “dug out” from the earth crust – example being crude oil whose refining processes produces kerosene.
CHARACTERISATION OF FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels are classified according to their aggregate components, origin, chemical structure and according to the principle of their energy production.
For simplicity reason and for the purpose of our project discussion, the first two grouping would be considered namely:
(A) Classification according to their aggregate components:
i. Solid fuels:- Coal, cokes, briquettes
ii. Liquid fuel: Crude oil, Benzine, menthol
iii. Gaseous fuels:- Natural gas, coke – gas, hydrogen
(B) Classification according to their origin
i. Natural fuels: Rocky coal, crude oil, natural gas.
ii. Refined fuels: Cokes, briquettes, benzine, heating oil, kerosene.
iii. Synthesized fuels: synthetic benzine, municipal gas, menthol
COMBUSTION OF FUELS
Combustion of fuels can be discussed with respect to: solid fuels, liquid fuels and gaseous fuels for the purpose of the project which is our basic concern, the favourably discussed on:
COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELS
Combustion of liquid fuels can be achieved by being vapourized or atomized in the combustion air. Distillate fuel oil can be burned with a blue flame and yellow flame. Yellow flame indicated growing carbon from fuel pynolysis in oxygen deficient parts of the flame. Blue flame combustion is achieved if it is completely vapourized and homogeneously dispersed in the air before burning.
Either a blue or a yellow flame may be preferred, depending on the need for conductive verses radiant heat transfer. Time, temperature and turbulence are criteria for good combustion. In vapourizing burners, reflected heats continually converts liquid fuel into vapour, sustaining the flame. This principle is used in blow touches, pot-type home – heating furnaces and all weak burners such as kerosene lamps, stoves, cigarette.
COMBUSTION STOICHIOMETRY
A combustion reaction is a one which involves the reaction of a substance (Hydrocarbon) with oxygen in a given stoichiometry ratio to produce or form carbon dioxide and water.
In theoretical oxygen and air for combustion, the amount of oxygen or air just sufficient to burn the carbon, net hydrogen and sulphur in a fuel to carbon dioxide, water vapour and sulphur dioxide is the theoretical oxygen or air.
The general expression for combustion of fuel is:
Cmttn + (4m + n ) O2 = mCO2 + (n /2) H2O
4
where m is the number of atoms of carbon and
n is the number of atoms of hydrogen
The above expression can be applied to all combustion reactions. Examples is the reaction of methane with air to form carbon dioxide and water
CH4 + 202 CO2 + 2H20
The stoichiometry of the reaction is
1 : 2 : 1 : 2
The theoretical weight or volume of oxygen or air required to burn a given weight of the fuels is of primary interest in engineering calculations for the design of the equipment.
The volume of the theoretical oxygen needed to burn any fuel can be calculated from the ultimate analysis of the fuel as follows:
359 C + H2 – O2 + S = ft3 oxygen
12 4 32 32 !b fuel
Where C,H2, O2 and S are the decimal weights of these elements in I 1b of fuel. The co-efficient 359 is the volume in cubic feet of I mol of oxygen at 0c(320f) and I atm
The weight of oxygen in pounds is obtained by multiplying cubic feet by 0.0891, the density of oxygen at the same condition. The volume of the theoretical air is obtained of 1710 instead of 359.
THEORITICAL AIR AND CARBON DIOXIDE FOR COMBUSTION OF INDUSTRIAL FUELS.
Industrial fuels take the form of wood, coke, bituminous coal, anthracites, gaseous fuels petroleum oil etc. for the purpose of this study or discussion, the petroleum oil combustional analysis would be discussed on:
The theoretical oxygen and CO2 required for the combustion of industrial fuel is provided in the table below:
FUEL Combustion Conditions at zero excess air
Atmospheric air required Ib / 10,000Btu
Range Average Range Average
Petroleum oil
Gasoline (600A.P.I) — 7.46 — 14.9
Kerosene (450A.P.I) — 7.42 — 15.1
Gas Oil (300A.P.I) — 7.45 — 15.5
Fuel Oil (150A.P.I) — 7.58 — 15.9
HEAT (FIRE) PROCESS EQUIPMENT
Various equipment are designed and constructed for various fire process application. Engineering equipment generating fire and heat are classified into two groups namely:
Direct fire process equipment and the indirect fire process equipment.
DIRECT FIRED PROCESS EQUIPMENT
a. GASEOUS HEATERS:
These are direct fired heaters which are often used in many instance where the products of combustion do not seriously affect the process streams. In type of equipment, the lower first cost and its lower operating cost made them to be ideal in such kind of operation. Where high temperature are required and this metal walls cannot serve as a heat transfer medium to the process stream, direct fired heaters may be utilized to obtain unattainable temperature despite some process gas determination in such application, preheating and care in selecting the fuel with favourable hydrogen carbon ratio’s and substitution of energy combustion may be economical. Considered when process yield and result are justified. The operating temperature of 32500 are feasible with commercial equipment, although oxygen substitution may be required to attain such temperature without requiring excessive fuel.
b. LIQUID HEATERS
Liquid heaters are used under the same condition to those of the gaseous type but are more common. The product combustion in type do not absorb heat to a large extent and may not be objectionable; they are also low in first cost and may have operating cost.
c. DIRECT FIRED SOLID HEAT
This type of equipment is commonly used in the metallurgical industries where large shapes must be heated, here, considerations must be made on the efficient of heat transfer to the slides. It advisable to use radiant heat transfer equipment effectively either by porous – wall refractory burner or by multi-flame impingement if overheating of the solid surface undesirable changes do not occur.
d. PARTIAL COMBUSTION
In the production of chemical reactor, that is, in certain productive reactions involving a use of chemical reactor, less supply of the oxidizer is being utilized than the stoichiometry to produce a desired chemical product. This process usually involves purolysis. Both natural gas and coal partial combustion reactor are used to produce carbon monoxide, hydrogen, acetylene and other hydrocarbons.
e. CHEMICAL REACTORS:
Some direct fired process equipment are used to achieve a desired chemical reaction. Oxidation reactor are those units in which stoichiometric or greater quantities of air or oxygen area provided to obtain complete combustion of a chemical raw material.
INDIRECT FIRED (HEAT) PROCESS EQUIPMENT
a. HEATERS:
Metallic indirect fired heater uses the heat transfer medium of a metal wall to transfer thermal energy from the combustion process to a liquid, gas or enclaspalated solid. The more common form is the tabular heat exchanger in which the product of combustion may be inside or outside the tubes.
b. VAPOURIZERS:
Organic compounds are usually vapourized in special heat transfer equipment which is fuel fired typical fluid used in this equipment is dorotherm.
c. STEAM GENERATORS:
Steam generators are the most common vapourizer in the society today. It falls into two categories:
i. INCINERATOR: This is a simple refractory to metal chamber in which solid works can be shared periodically for uncontrolled burning is no longer acceptable with control of smoke and fly ash.
CHAPTER TWO
Chapter two of this Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove” research work is available. Order Full Work to download. Chapter Two of “Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove Contains: literature Review, Review Of Kerosine, A Review Of Kerosine Explosion, Burning Velocity Measurement, A Brief Literature Review On Fossil Fuel, Fossil Fuels, Characterization Of Fossil Fuel, Combustion Of Fossil Fuels, Combustion Of Liquid Fuels (Kerosine), Combustion Stoichimetry, Theortical Air And Carbondioxide For Combustion Of Industrial Fuels, heat( Fire) Process Equipment, Direct Fired Process Equipment, Indirect Fired (Heat) Process, A Review- Literature On Constructional Engineering Materials, Iron And Steel, Steel, Classification Of Steel, Hardenability And The Influence Of Alloying Elements In Steel, Critical Temperatures In Plain Carbon Steel, Tool Shell, Maraging Steel, High Alloy Corrosion Scale Steel, Mechanism Of Stove Operation and Properties Of Materials For Construction Of Kerosene Stove.
CHAPTER THREE
Chapter three of this Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove” academic work is available. Order Full Work to download. Chapter Three of “Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove Contains: Constructional Process And Care Of The Stove, Constructional Procedures, Details Of The Construction – Components, Fabrication Of The Burner, Steps Of Fabricating Stove Jack, Steps For Fabricating The Stove Casine, Construction Of The Body and Painting.
CHAPTER FOUR
Chapter four of this Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove project work is available. Order Full Work to download.Chapter Four of “Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove Contains: Costing, Material Cost and Labour Cost .
CHAPTER FIVE
Chapter five of this Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove material is available. Order Full Work to download. Chapter Five of Construction Of Kerosine Cooking Stove Contains: Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendation and References.
